The lush landscape
contrasts with the vast deserts that surround Senegal. The country brings in
more visitors than any other country in the region. The physical environment in
the south is somewhat different than the northern regions of Senegal. Largely
as a result of higher annual rainfall the forest is much more considerable in
the Casamance. Still the year has very distinct wet and dry seasons. The
forest, as a result of the dry season, is more sub-tropical than jungle type
forest, but still there are some areas with very large, old trees and areas
with palm trees and vines, etc... The temperature in general is quite warm
(between 30 - 40 degrees Celsius) though in Dec. and Jan. at night it cools off
enough to need a light blanket.
The causes of the
conflict and its perpetuation are complex. Factors often cited as contributors
include historical factors, economic neglect, and lack of job opportunities for
youth, land rights issues, and disrespect for indigenous cultural norms. The
conflict has had negative effects on virtually every aspect of life in the
Casamance: the environment has degraded due to uncontrolled exploitation or
neglect, normal village life and social support systems have been disrupted,
poverty has increased, the cities are overcrowded, schools and health posts
have been closed or displaced, and investment and tourism have declined.
Senegal is a moderately
decentralized republic dominated by the Socialist Party, which has held power
since independence. President Abdou Diouf, who had been in office since 1981,
was succeeded in early 2000 by the newly elected president, Abdoulaye Wade. In
1996 the Socialist Party won control of all 10 regional governments and many
local governments in the country's first subnational level elections, which
were marked by credible allegations of widespread fraud and procedural
irregularities, gerrymandering, illegal fundraising, and voter list
manipulations. Due in part to the flaws in these elections, the Government's decentralization
program has had limited success in defusing the secessionist rebellion in the
Casamance region.
The Casamance region is
an important focus area for the economic development of Senegal due in part to
its rich tropical environment. The region is centrally located to facilitate
trade with neighboring countries and has some of the largest traditional
markets in Senegal. At one time, Casamance was also well known as a major
tourist destination in Senegal. Currently, a major constraint affecting development
in the Casamance region is its armed separatist struggle that has lead to a
sharp decline in the economic and social well being of the population.
In 1982, supporters of
the Mouvement des Forces Democratiques de la Casamance demanded that the Govern-ment
of Senegal grant independence to the Casamance region, an isolated section of
southwestern Senegal located between Gambia and Guinea-Bissau. This demand
sparked a two-decade-long conflict, which only recently began to be resolved.
The conflict worsened
in the late 1990s with the appearance of anti-personnel and anti-tank mines.
These landmines have adversely affected the population, agricultural activities
and tourism, as well as hampering donor and NGO efforts in the region. No
accurate information is available regarding the total quantity of landmines or
the number of landmine casualties. Over the years, hundreds of villages have
been abandoned and schools and health centres have closed. Hundreds of children
and women have become victims of landmines and risk of exposure to sexually
transmitted infections (STIs) and HIV/AIDS has increased due to population
displacement, the presence of combatants and increased poverty. The nutritional
status of children has also deteriorated.
Fighting between the
Government of Senegal soldiers and rebels for the Movement of Democratic Forces
for the Casamance has adversely affected the potential of the Casamance to
contribute fully to the economy of Senegal. It is estimated that the conflict
has cut agricultural production by 50 percent. The tourism industry has been
devastated by the conflict with many of its 16,000 employees being dismissed as
a result of the continuing struggle. In addition, it is estimated that
thousands of refugees have fled Casamance to neighboring countries such as
Guinea-Bissau and The Gambia.
In 1997 a renewal of
fighting in the Casamance area in the southern part of the country between the
Government and the secessionist Movement of Democratic Forces in the Casamance
(MFDC) caused many civilians to flee their villages.
While there were no
confirmed reports of political or extrajudicial killings by government
officials during the 1997 resurgence of violence in the southern Casamance
region, government forces were suspected of responsibility for many civilian
deaths. In August 1997 a leader of the MFDC, Sarani Badiane, was found murdered
near Ziguinchor. While no group claimed responsibility for the killing and no
direct proof of guilt has emerged, the Senegalese human rights organization African
Meeting for the Defense of Human Rights (RADDHO) and Amnesty International (AI)
attributed responsibility for Badiane's death to the Government.
Although the leader of
the MFDC, Abbe Augustine Diamacoune Senghor, remained free from house arrest in
1997, his movements were controlled by the Government. The Government
reportedly blocked a trip by Diamacoune to France to meet with the leader of
the MFDC's external wing to coordinate policy in peace talks with the
Government. After the killing of Sarani Badiane in August 1997, two of
Diamacoune's remaining lieutenants sought refuge with Diamacoune who remained
in government custody at a church in Ziguinchor. The Government did not attempt
to hinder their joining Diamacoune, but in October 1997 expelled them from
Diamacoune's quarters.
But
using our voices, exercising our power and demanding action can help save lives
in Cassamance NOW !!.
